Allergy Medicines

Why allergy treatment matters

Allergy symptoms can significantly affect sleep, concentration, work performance, and quality of life. In some people, allergic inflammation can also worsen asthma or other respiratory symptoms.

Treatment is usually aimed at:

• controlling symptoms
• reducing inflammation
• preventing flare-ups during predictable seasons
• identifying triggers where possible

Main Types of Allergy Medicines

Antihistamine tablets

Antihistamines reduce the effects of histamine, a chemical released during allergic reactions. They are commonly used for hay fever, itching, and hives.

Common examples include cetirizine, loratadine, and fexofenadine.

Some antihistamines can cause drowsiness, especially older types. If you drive or operate machinery, it is important to check whether your medication is sedating.

Antihistamine eye drops

Eye drops can be helpful for itchy, watery, red eyes caused by allergies. They may be used alone or alongside oral antihistamines.

A GP can advise which type is most suitable based on symptom pattern and severity.

Nasal steroid sprays

Nasal steroid sprays reduce inflammation in the nasal passages and are often one of the most effective treatments for persistent allergic rhinitis, especially when congestion is the main symptom.

Common examples include fluticasone and mometasone.

These sprays work best when used consistently during symptomatic periods. They often take several days to reach full effect.

Nasal antihistamine sprays

Antihistamine sprays can help relieve nasal symptoms and may work more quickly for some people. They are sometimes used alongside nasal steroids.

Decongestants

Decongestants can reduce nasal blockage for short periods. They may be found in sprays or tablets.

They are usually not recommended for prolonged use. Overuse of decongestant nasal sprays can cause rebound congestion, where blockage becomes worse when the spray is stopped.

Decongestants may not be suitable for people with certain heart conditions or uncontrolled high blood pressure.

Skin treatments for allergy symptoms

For skin allergy symptoms such as eczema flares or allergic rashes, treatment may include:

• moisturisers and barrier creams
• topical steroids for inflammation
• antihistamines for itch relief

Topical steroid use should be appropriate to the area and severity, and reviewed if symptoms persist.

You can read more in: Steroids explained

Adrenaline auto-injectors and severe allergy

Adrenaline auto-injectors are used for severe allergic reactions (anaphylaxis) and are usually prescribed following specialist assessment or a clear clinical indication.

If someone has a history of anaphylaxis or severe allergic reactions, they should have an individualised action plan.

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Red flags: severe allergic reaction (anaphylaxis)

Seek urgent medical help immediately if any of the following occur during an allergic reaction.

Difficulty breathing or wheezing Shortness of breath, noisy breathing, or tightness in the chest or throat.

Swelling of the lips, tongue, or throat Swelling that makes swallowing or speaking difficult.

Sudden dizziness or collapse Feeling faint, weak, confused, or losing consciousness.

Widespread rash with other symptoms Hives combined with breathing difficulty, abdominal pain, or vomiting.

What to do: Call 999 immediately if anaphylaxis is suspected. If prescribed an adrenaline auto-injector, use it without delay and seek emergency medical care even if symptoms begin to improve.