Hay Fever: Symptoms, Treatment Options and When to See a GP

Written by Dr Zamiel Hussain, Lead GP and Founder of AccessGP

Hay fever, also known as seasonal allergic rhinitis, affects millions of people in the UK each year. Symptoms typically begin in spring and can last through summer, depending on the type of pollen involved.

While many people manage mild symptoms with pharmacy treatments, others experience significant disruption to sleep, concentration and daily life.

This guide explains what causes hay fever, how it is treated, and when it may be worth speaking to a GP.

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What causes hay fever?

Hay fever occurs when the immune system overreacts to airborne pollen. In the UK, the main pollen types are:

• Tree pollen, usually March to May
• Grass pollen, typically May to July
• Weed pollen, often June to September

When pollen enters the nose or eyes, the body releases histamine and other chemicals, leading to inflammation and typical allergy symptoms.

Common hay fever symptoms

Symptoms can vary in severity and may include:

• Sneezing
• Runny or blocked nose
• Itchy nose or throat
• Itchy, red or watery eyes
• Headaches
• Fatigue
• Reduced sense of smell

Some people also experience worsening asthma symptoms during pollen season.

Why hay fever can feel worse in some years

Pollen levels vary year to year depending on weather patterns. Warm, dry and windy days tend to increase pollen exposure.

Urban air pollution can also worsen symptoms by irritating the airways and increasing sensitivity to allergens.

“Hay fever is often underestimated, but for many people it significantly affects sleep, concentration and quality of life. Starting the right treatment early in the season can make a meaningful difference.”

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First-line treatment options

Most people start with pharmacy treatments. These include:

Antihistamines

Non-drowsy antihistamines such as cetirizine or loratadine can reduce sneezing, itching and runny nose.

Steroid nasal sprays

These are often the most effective treatment for moderate to severe symptoms. They reduce inflammation inside the nose and can take several days to reach full effect.

Eye drops

Antihistamine or mast cell stabiliser eye drops can relieve itchy or watery eyes.

For best results, treatment should ideally begin before symptoms become severe.

Practical ways to reduce pollen exposure

Medication works best alongside simple measures such as:

• Checking daily pollen forecasts
• Keeping windows closed during high pollen days
• Showering and changing clothes after being outdoors
• Drying clothes indoors during peak pollen season
• Using sunglasses outdoors to protect the eyes

These steps can significantly reduce symptom burden.

When should you see a GP?

You should consider GP advice if:

• Symptoms are not controlled despite regular treatment
• You have frequent sinus infections
• You experience worsening asthma
• Hay fever is significantly affecting sleep or work
• You are unsure whether symptoms are allergy-related

In some cases, stronger prescription treatments or specialist referral may be appropriate.

Is it hay fever or something else?

Not all nasal symptoms are caused by allergies. Persistent congestion without itching or sneezing may suggest non-allergic rhinitis. Facial pain or thick nasal discharge may indicate sinus infection.

A proper clinical assessment helps clarify the cause and guide treatment.

How AccessGP can help

At AccessGP, we provide online GP appointments for patients experiencing allergy or sinus symptoms. We can:

• Confirm likely diagnosis
• Review current treatment
• Prescribe stronger medication where appropriate
• Provide guidance on managing symptoms safely

We also provide educational resources in our Knowledge Base for further reading.

Key sources: NHS UK, Hay fever; NICE CKS, Allergic rhinitis; Met Office, UK pollen forecast; AccessGP Knowledge Base.