Eczema and dermatitis

Eczema and dermatitis are terms used to describe inflamed, itchy, and irritated skin. They are very common conditions and can affect people of all ages. While eczema is not contagious, it can be long lasting and may flare up at certain times.

This page explains the symptoms, causes, self care measures, and when to seek GP advice for eczema and dermatitis.

These articles are intended as educational sources, not diagnostic nor taking place of a proper medical assessment. If you need help with skin concerns, please book an appointment. We also offer specialist GP dermatology input at the Skin Clinic.

Skin Clinic

Symptoms of eczema and dermatitis

Symptoms can vary depending on the type and severity but commonly include:

Dry, itchy skin
Red or inflamed patches
Cracked or sore skin
Thickened skin in long standing cases
Oozing or crusting during flare ups
Sleep disturbance due to itching

Eczema often affects the hands, face, neck, inside elbows, behind knees, and wrists.

Common types of eczema and causes

Atopic eczema

This is the most common form and is linked to a weakened skin barrier and immune sensitivity. It often runs in families and is associated with asthma or hay fever.

Contact dermatitis

Triggered by direct contact with an irritant or allergen, such as soaps, detergents, nickel, or certain cosmetics.

Seborrhoeic dermatitis

Affects oily areas such as the scalp, face, and chest and may be associated with dandruff.

Common triggers include:

Soaps, shampoos, and cleaning products
Cold weather or dry air
Stress
Skin infections
Allergens

How a GP assesses eczema

A GP will usually diagnose eczema based on appearance and history. During an assessment, they may ask about:

Age of onset and duration
Areas affected
Known triggers
Family history of eczema or allergies
Current skincare and treatments
Impact on daily life or sleep

Remote assessment using photographs is often suitable.

Investigations

Most people with eczema do not need investigations.

Patch testing or blood tests may be considered if allergic contact dermatitis or an underlying condition is suspected.

Self care and lifestyle measures

Good skincare is the foundation of eczema management:

Use emollients regularly, even when skin is clear
Avoid fragranced soaps and bubble baths
Use soap substitutes or gentle cleansers
Apply moisturisers at least twice daily
Keep nails short to reduce skin damage from scratching
Wear loose fitting cotton clothing

Consistency is key, even when symptoms improve.

When to seek urgent medical advice

Seek urgent medical advice if:

Skin becomes rapidly red, painful, or swollen
There are signs of infection such as oozing, crusting, or fever
Eczema suddenly worsens and you feel unwell

Medical treatments a GP may recommend

Depending on severity, a GP may suggest:

Topical steroid creams or ointments
Non steroid anti inflammatory creams
Antihistamines for itch in selected cases
Treatment for secondary skin infection

Correct strength, duration, and application are important to ensure safety and effectiveness.

When to seek GP review

You should consider a GP appointment if:

Eczema is not improving with regular emollients
Flares are frequent or severe
Skin is painful, infected, or cracking
Symptoms are affecting sleep or quality of life
You need advice on prescription treatments

Early review can help prevent complications and improve control.