Bloating and abdominal discomfort: causes, treatment and when to seek help
Bloating and abdominal discomfort are very common symptoms and are usually related to benign gut conditions. They can be uncomfortable, persistent and frustrating, but serious underlying disease is uncommon when red flag symptoms are absent.
This page explains how GPs assess bloating and abdominal discomfort, the most common causes, when investigations are helpful, and when further review is needed.
These articles are intended as educational sources, not diagnostic nor taking place of a proper medical assessment. If you need help, please book an appointment with one of our GP’s.
What people mean by “bloating”
Bloating can describe different sensations, including:
- A feeling of fullness or pressure in the abdomen
- Visible abdominal distension
- Trapped wind
- Discomfort after eating
Understanding the pattern of symptoms is more important than the label itself.
- Persistent or severe abdominal pain
- Unintentional weight loss
- Persistent vomiting
- Blood in the stool
- New symptoms after the age of 50
Common causes of bloating and abdominal discomfort
Functional gut conditions
These are the most common causes and include:
- Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
- Functional bloating
- Gut sensitivity without structural disease
Symptoms often fluctuate and may be triggered by food, stress or hormonal changes.
Diet-related factors
Bloating may be linked to:
- Large meals
- High-fat foods
- Carbonated drinks
- Certain carbohydrates (such as fermentable sugars)
Dietary triggers vary between individuals.
Constipation
Slower bowel movement can cause:
- Abdominal fullness
- Pressure or cramping
- Reduced appetite
Even mild constipation can cause significant bloating.
Reflux and upper gut symptoms
Upper abdominal bloating may be associated with:
- Indigestion
- Acid reflux
- Delayed stomach emptying
Symptoms may worsen after meals or when lying flat.
Hormonal and lifestyle factors
Bloating may fluctuate with:
- The menstrual cycle
- Stress or anxiety
- Reduced physical activity
These influences are common and often overlap.
How GPs assess bloating symptoms
Assessment focuses on:
- Duration and progression of symptoms
- Relationship to meals and bowel habit
- Associated symptoms such as pain, weight change or bleeding
- Medical history and medications
Examination and targeted testing are guided by this initial assessment.
When tests may be considered
Investigations are not routinely needed for most people with uncomplicated bloating.
A GP may consider tests if:
- Symptoms are persistent or worsening
- There are features suggestive of malabsorption or inflammation
- There is a family history of bowel disease
- Red flag symptoms are present
Tests may include blood tests, stool tests or imaging depending on the clinical picture.
Self-care and initial management
Simple measures often help:
- Eating regular meals
- Reducing large or late meals
- Identifying food triggers gradually
- Increasing physical activity
- Managing constipation if present
GPs usually recommend conservative approaches before investigations.
When to seek GP review
Consider GP review if:
- Bloating persists despite self-care
- Symptoms affect daily life
- There are changes in bowel habit
- You are unsure whether tests are needed
A GP can help determine whether reassurance, lifestyle advice or further investigation is appropriate.
Further Reading and Hub Links
Visit our Gut Health hub or browse more health topics in the AccessGP Knowledge Base.
If bloating or abdominal discomfort is ongoing or concerning, a GP can assess your symptoms and advise on next steps.
Last reviewed by Dr Zamiel Hussain, GMC registered GP
Updated: 3 January 2026